Presidential Succession Essays - , Term Papers

Presidential Succession Presidential Succession, is a term that describes the arrangements under which presidential authority in the United States may be transferred other than by means of the quadrennial presidential ELECTION. Specifically, it embraces those procedures that apply to cases involving the death, resignation, removal, or inability of a PRESIDENT or VICE PRESIDENT, and the death or failure to qualify of a president-elect or vice president-elect. These procedures are defined in three parts of the U. S. CONSTITUTION--Article II, Section 1, Clause 6; the 20th Amendment; and the 25th Amendment--and in the presidential-succession law passed by Congress in 1947. The importance of a system of presidential succession has been demonstrated repeatedly throughout American history, but especially in the 20th century. Between 1901 and 1974, five vice presidents became president as a result of four presidential deaths and one resignation. In the 19th century four other vice presidents became president after a president's death. Between 1841 and 1975, more than one third of the presidents either died in office, resigned, or became disabled. Of the elected vice presidents, seven have died in office and two have resigned. Altogether, the second office has been vacant for more than 37 years. Present System Article II, Section 1, Clause 6 of the Constitution, as supplemented by Section 1 of the 25th Amendment, provides that the vice president becomes president in the event of the death, resignation, or removal of the president. When any of these contingencies occurs, the vice president takes the presidential oath and serves as president for the rest of the term. Section 2 of the 25th Amendment prescribes a procedure for filling a vice-presidential vacancy. The president nominates a vice president, who must be confirmed by a majority vote of each House of CONGRESS. Sections 3 and 4 of the 25th Amendment deal with a case in which some condition or circumstance, such as a physical or mental inability, prevents the president from discharging his powers and duties. These sections make clear that in a case of inability, the vice president simply discharges the powers and duties of president until the president recovers from the inability. Section 3 allows the president to declare the beginning and ending of his own inability. Section 4, covering the case in which the president is unable to make or communicate a decision of inability, authorizes the vice president and a majority of the cabinet "or of such other body as Congress may by law provide" to declare the existence of such an inability. When an inability is declared under Section 4, the president is prevented from resuming his powers and duties for a period of four days from the time he declares the end of such an inability. If during the four-day period the vice president and cabinet should dispute the president's declaration of recovery, the Congress must then decide the issue. It has a maximum of 21 days to do so, and a two-thirds vote of each house is required to prevent the president from resuming his powers and duties. During the period Congress has to decide, the vice president continues to act as president. Article II, Section 1, Clause 6 also authorizes Congress to establish a line of succession to the presidency in the event of simultaneous vacancies in the offices of president and vice president. Pursuant to this provision, Congress adopted a law in 1947 that places the following persons in the line of succession after the vice president: first the Speaker of the House, then the president pro tempore of the Senate, and then the members of the cabinet in the order in which their departments were created. The 20th Amendment provides for other contingencies. In the event of the death of a president-elect, it provides that the vice president-elect shall become president for the full term. If a president-elect fails to qualify--for example, by falling short of residency or age requirements--then the vice president-elect acts as president until the president qualifies. The amendment further authorizes Congress to provide for the death or failure to qualify of both the president-elect and vice president-elect, which Congress has done in the succession law of 1947. Presidential Inability Before the adoption of the 25th Amendment in 1967, the cornerstone of the U. S. presidential succession system was found in Article II, Section 1, Clause 6, which provides: "In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may

Sonia Frederick Emily Cabrera Monia Alderete Eric Essays - Politics

Sonia Frederick Emily Cabrera Monia Alderete Eric Essays - Politics Sonia Frederick Emily Cabrera Monia Alderete Eric Kenedy Sami Chaar Fernando Caranza The Marshall Plan Europe ' s economic and social structure was completely devastated and unstable as a result of World War II. This extreme economic turmoil heightened the sense of crisis.This chaotic aftermath included widespread anarchy, famine, crime, pestilence and violent conflict, with millions of uprooted people wandering the ruined lands throughout Europe. After a meeting with Stalin, Secretary of State George Marshall tediously analyzed the situation. He came to the conclusion that a plan needed to be put in place to provide financial aid to Europe. This was needed in order to prevent the spread of communism in Europe as Stalin would use the continent ' s vulnerable conditions to his advantage. The Marshall Plan is a perfect example on the extreme measure the United States is willing to take in order to stand by its fo reign policy. John Marshall stated in his speech at Harvard university " Our policy is directed not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos Any government that is willing to assist in the task of recovery will find full cooperation, I am sure, on the part of the United States government. " This plan was instilled for a period of four years. Over sixteen European nations received nearly $13 billion in aid, which included the shipments of food , clothing, fuel and machinery from the United States . This act provided an overall sense of optimism throughout Europe in the attempts to contain the spread of communism.

How would Jesus lead Worship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How would Jesus lead Worship - Essay Example It is all about people’s normal vision of worship compared to how Jesus, as a Church leader sees it Himself. The second part of the book deals with the practical suggestions for contemporary believers paying much attention to the gospel of Luke. This significant piece of the discussion in the book is divided into four separate chapters titled as follows: Humble Servants, Leaders with Authority, Creative Communicators, and Reliant on the Spirit (Hargreaves and Hargreaves 38, 61, 81, 103). All of them lead a reader toward the idea of what God gives a worshipper for just one song while praising in psalms. Interaction and dialogue as based on my experience First of all, this book changed my way of thinking about personal relationship with Jesus. I know that we should keep up with the demands of time. Just praising Jesus in a new way is a good idea for those who seek God’s grace into their lives. In this vein, the authors admit the following statement: â€Å"Jesus would kee p up with the trends—we must be completely up to date with what we wear† (Hargreaves and Hargreaves 8). Hence, I see that the book is a practical guide for every believer aware of the right side in worshipping. Based on my experience, I cannot communicate this message to my peers other than to make my praise to God really powerful. In other words, new styles in music and singing are to be shared while praising God due to His multifaceted manifestations of power and reason, because God creates something new every single day. Certainly, the book is full of different standpoints regarding a step-by-step instruction on how to follow Christ-like way of worshipping. I feel that each Christian should bear in mind that singing like Jesus needs more practice so that to the Holy Spirit. Taking a look at my worshipping style, I have come up with what I should do in advance, namely â€Å"being obedient in service to God’s design for our lives† (Hargreaves and Hargreav es 9). Definitely, this is why so many Christians do not have what God promised them. It is similar to the story of the People of Israel when God led them to the Promised Land. Looking through the gospel of Luke, I have realized the scope of benefits God gives those sharing the same message as Jesus taught. In this respect it is not about the material amenities, but the spiritual jump within the myriad of divine manifestations of God power in lives of ordinary believers. Those who urge for His glory trying to get the revelation of how to become more like God will definitely reach this goal out through praising God every single minute in church or elsewhere. Critical assessment While reading the book, I have realized that the church is in need of more vision in how to worship God. The overall impression from this book is that the church should be flexible and open to the needs of contemporary humanity so that to please everybody in music styles and genres. Being culturally mature is the first step. Second, I have understood that there should be more tries on how to be closer to God on the part of me as a believer. The model I have pointed out while reading the book is as follows: â€Å"The supreme example of worship intimacy surely has to be looked for in Christ Jesus and his relationship with the Father† (Hargreaves and Hargreaves 12). Therefore, the follow-up in the Christ-like way of worshipping has become my credo. Our devotion to Jesus should be felt by the Creator. However,

Iraq war Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Iraq war - Research Paper Example For a long time the United States and the Soviet Union were engaged in a Cold War (1946-1991) as they manifested their rivalry as superpowers economically, politically, militarily. The reasons it was termed as â€Å"Cold War† is because there was nothing like direct military engagement between the two superpowers. The Cold War included continuous bloody proxy wars that were directed to the developing countries of the Global South by the superpowers. The wildly recognized war of Cold War included - the Soviet-Afghan War 1979-1989, here the U.S. forces majorly concentrated â€Å"in the ground† while Soviet forces concentrated â€Å"on the ground.† In the American-Vietnam War 1959-1975, here while the Soviet forces were engaged â€Å"in the background,† the U.S. forces were engaged â€Å"on the ground.† However, in Afghanistan and Vietnam, both the United States and Soviet forces were defeated. Negative effects such as economic hardship, political turm oil, human devastation as well as ideological argument became the subject of discussion within the developing countries of the Global South contrary to the peaceful atmosphere that existed within the countries of the Global North. Like, the aftermath of the American-Vietnam war left 3 to 4 million Vietnamese dead and the same to 1.5 to 2 million Cambodians and Laos as well as many more million of them rendered homeless turning to be refugees, while only 58,000 U.S. soldiers were killed and 300000 were left with wounds. A number approximated to be 700,000 and 1.3 million Afghans were killed in the Soviet-Afghan War and left 4.5 million of them in refugee camps mainly in Iran and Pakistan while only 15,000 Soviet troops were left dead and 37,000 got wounds. Among the strategic goals of Israel when the Cold War was at its peak was to influence the Western powers into forcing the Soviet Union to allow Soviet

Research Critique, Part 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Research Critique, Part 2 - Essay Example Burns & Grove (2011) state that the potential benefits to the subjects would include improved physical condition that could encourage emotional and social benefits in research on therapeutic or non-therapeutic aspects In terms of risks, risks involved depend on the purpose of study and the procedures used to conduct the research. Risks could include physical, social, emotional or economic and could cause permanent damage. If the risks outweigh the benefits, the research could be unethical (Burns & Grove, 2011). Sundborg, Saleh-Stattin, Wà ¤ndell & Tà ¶rnkvist (2012) do not identify the benefits and risks of using human participants. In terms of consent, researchers must obtain informed consent from the subjects. Therefore, subjects must participate voluntarily. In this research, the participants participated voluntarily because as the researchers point out, they called the individual nurses who participated where 39 agreed to participate while 1 refused. The ones who agree to participate were presented with an information letter with which they could distribute the questionnaires to their colleagues. With regard to institutional review board approval, the authors do not state whether they obtained institutional review, board approval from the agency in which the study was conducted (Sundborg, Saleh-Stattin, Wà ¤ndell & Tà ¶rnkvist, 2012). logistic regression analysis. The first dependent variable is, â€Å"if you suspected that a woman was exposed to IPV, would you confirm it by asking her if it was true?† The independent variable here was, â€Å"Being sufficiently prepared†. The second dependent variable is, â€Å"do you believe that you are sufficiently prepared to deal with a woman exposed to IPV?† The independent variable here was, â€Å"having obtained knowledge by themselves† (Sundborg, Saleh-Stattin, Wà ¤ndell & Tà ¶rnkvist, 2012). The researchers collect data using both primary secondary data collection methods. The primary data was collected by use of

Transmission of Wireless Message based on Embedded System

Transmission of Wireless Message based on Embedded System Transmission of Wireless Message based on Embedded System with Robotic Arm INTRODUCTION: 2.1) This career episode describes the project Transmission of Wireless Message based on Embedded System with Robotic Arm. I started off this project under the guidance of my assistant professor and with a team of two engineers including myself, during the last three months (October 2012-December 2012) of 7th semester while pursuing Bachelors of Engineering (Electronics and Communication) from Gujarat Technological University, India. The assigned duration for the project was three months and with the help of my professor, we were able to complete each task of the project on time. This project was implemented as a part of my academic curriculum Wireless Communication. For this project, I was working as an Electronic Engineer. BACKGROUND: 2.2) In this universe of learning and understanding all the things that are nearby, is controlled through machines, having the ability to compute. This specialized excellence and integration in various departments can prompt an exceptional alteration in everyones lives particularly interchanges department. Because of different alterations in innovations, numerous frameworks are made with stunning advancements. The most innovative one is the Embedded Systems. Embedded system is the advancement or further improvement of computer science framework. Its application give colossal chances to innovative utilization of PC innovation. Verging on each new framework presented in the business sector is a case of Embedded System. 2.3) The framework which we have created is a utilization of an Embedded System. At first, we began off with the manner of thinking of building up a wireless message roundabout model which could help both establishments and in addition enterprises. A further research into the framework prompted the possibility that equivalent framework can act like a concentrated framework for ambitions, for example, managing, observing plus correspondence keeping aside human intercession. 2.4) Project Objective To describe in few sentences, my projects main deliverable was to send the data from one place to another place through transmitter and receiver using RF technology. The microcontroller works as brain of the unit. Microcontroller controls the functions of the LCD, conveyor belt motors, and vertical/horizontal motor track motor in order to perform desired action/task using robotic arm (mechanical hand). 2.5) My roles and responsibilities included: Selection of electric components Simulation of Motors, LED and LCD using Proteus Programming of ATMEGA16 microcontroller using BASCOM software. Assist in constructing mechanical hand and conveyor belt Schedule weekly meetings to discuss goals and achievements Assist in maintaining documentation. 2.6) Project mechanism PERSONAL ENGINEERING ACTIVITY 2.7) Training We decided to go for training first since it really helped us to move forward without a hurdle in my work. It is required for the beginners to undergo a training session in order to acquire knowledge and develop skills at an industry level. This also helped me to understand the difference of work culture between industry and college level.ÂÂ   In the practice session under the guidance of my professor, initially we discussed the design process of the project and different components to be used on the transmitter and receiver side such as microcontroller, USB to UART convertor, encoder, and sensors. I also learnt the software Proteus and BASCOM for the simulation of motors, LED, LCD and programming the microcontroller. Furthermore, safety training sessions were also given to build mechanical hand and designing circuit in the safest way possible. Before the implementation of any task, we were given proper safety measures. 2.8) Software Before starting the hardware implementation, I decided to learn the software Proteus. Proteus is an open source software used for simulation of electric circuit and has the ability co- simulate and interact with software running in the microcontroller. I learnt this software by referring tutorial videos and simulating sample electric circuits. In this project, I used Proteus for the simulation of motors, UART, LED and LCD. Furthermore, I also used the software named BASCOM. BASCOM AVR is an intense and simple to-use compiler for the AVR arrangement of smaller scale controllers created by Atmel. It took me hardly any time to master this software since it was very easy. The system accompanies an extremely easy to use interface and an arrangement of straightforward summons, and gives more adaptability than different projects in this classification. Anyone with some fundamental learning of C or C++ can compose a fruitful system utilizing BASCOM, as the majority of its capacities and its announcement structure is like those in C. 2.9) Hardware implementation After training, I started my research to select the most appropriate components for hardware implementation refereeing and comparing datasheets of each component. Keeping in mind the guidelines of designing a circuit, on the transmitter side included computer, usb to serial converter, microcontroller, encoder and transmitting module. Whereas on the receiver side, I used receiving module, microcontroller, LCD display, IR and metal sensors. For the conveyor belt, we used two DC motors to pass an object on the belt. In this project, we also introduced a robotic arm (mechanical hand) as an application which can reduce the human efforts and controlling can be done effectively. There were some difficulties which we faced while constructing the mechanical hand i.e. we built the arm using two DC motors but while using it, we realized that it delivers low torque. Therefore, we discussed this issue with our professor and we came up the solution to build the arm using a combination of BO and DC motor. We designed this mechanical hand at very low cost which is very efficient and can be used in many production industries for packaging or assembling goods which mitigates physical labor, consumes less time and reduces risks as well.ÂÂ   The mechanical hand in this project was used to pick an object from the conveyor belt and put it to a required place as per the application. ÂÂ   Conveyor BeltRobotic Arm ÂÂ   Transmitter SectionReceiver Section 2.10) Pseudo flow of the system: Input is provided via Computer which is converted in to serial using UART. The serial data is sent to the microcontroller which is then encoded using encoder and transmitted via RF through transmitting antenna. Receiving module receives the message and passes it to the microcontroller. Microcontroller starts processing the program implemented on it. This leads the motor drive to provide high signal current to the motors which drives the conveyor belt and mechanical hand motors. If there is a metal/object detected on the receiver side of the conveyer belt using metal/IR sensor. The conveyor belt stops and the robotic arm performs its action depending upon the programming implemented on the microcontroller i.e. picks up the object and puts it at a required place as per the coding implemented in the ATMEGA16 microcontroller. SUMMARY: 2.11) This project was to give the ways for providing bigger effective mechanical hand for industrial applications. The achievement of this hand is to demonstrate that reliable grasping can be achieved with inexpensive mechanism and IR sensors. This hand can grasp variety of objects with different surface properties and sizes, having no need to rebuild a surface description of the object. Overall, the journey of the project was very productive, learnt new skills and enhanced acquired skills. We submitted our project with final documentation and a presentation with the prototype to our head of department and tutor. Although we faced many difficulties during this project but we never gave up. The toughest part was to build the mechanical hand and time constraint but working with a team made this project successful.

John Hus: A Threat to the Western Church & Martyr Essay -- Religion

John Hus: A Threat to the Western Church & Martyr The official definition of a martyr is â€Å"a person who sacrifices something of great value for the sake of principle†; therefore Jon Hus is undoubtedly a martyr (Merriam-Webster 1). His radical ideas caught the attention of thousands of followers while simultaneously undermining core practices of the Church. His beliefs led to what is known as the Hussite Reformation and ultimately, his death. John Hus’s death was ordered by the Church because his unorthodox principles threatened to disperse or even diminish some of the Church’s power and would cause an abundance of changes within the religious system as a whole during the 15th century, and possibly forever. The fears of the Church would later prove to be legitimate concerns but their efforts to prevent these changes from occurring failed, and not only did they prevent these changes from happening, but the Church’s attempts to get rid of John Hus’s ideals only â€Å"fanned the flames his messag es ignited† (Joyner 52). Now, centuries after his death, John Hus is still revered by many as â€Å"one of the first true reformers of the church† (Joyner 42). John Hus’s humble beginnings hardly reflect the impact that he would later have on modern day Christianity and the reformation process that would occur within the Church. Yet, his upbringing and early career are an essential part of his legacy, and provide indications of what was to come. John Hus was born in Bohemia, which is located in what is now the Czech Republic. His family was not wealthy but Hus was known for being virtuous, and having a strong set of morals instilled within him, so his decision to study Religion at the University of Prague did not come as a surprise. He received his ... ...reatening public figure for the Church during the 15th Century, but his work and the things believed him allow him to be regarded as a great Christian Martyr. Works Cited Black, John Sutherland. John Huss: A short Biography. Shamrock Eden Publishing, 2011. eBook. Dallman, William. John hus A Brief Story of the Martry. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1915. eBook. Joyner, Rick. Three Witnesses. 1. 1. Fort Mill: MorningStar Publication, 1997. 1-61. eBook Merriam Webster ." N.p., 2012. Web. 23 April 2012. . Molnar, Enrico. "The Liturgical Reforms of John Hus." Speculum. 41.2 (1995): 297-303. Web. 1 May. 2012. Reetzke , James. "Beliefs." John Hus. Chicago Bibles & Books, 2001. Web. 24 April 2012. .