American Psychiatric Association, 2000 - 3062 Words

According to the DSM IV-TR (American Psychiatric Association, 2000), the diagnostic category of pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) refers to a group of disorders characterized by delays in the development of socialization and communication skills. Parents may note symptoms as early as infancy, although the typical age of onset is before three years of age. Symptoms may include problems with using and understanding language; difficulty relating to people, objects, and events; unusual play with toys and other objects; difficulty with changes in routine or familiar surroundings; and repetitive body movements or behavior patterns. Males are two times more likely to be diagnosed with PDD than females (Stewart, 2003). Autism, a†¦show more content†¦In the first section of this paper I examine the research on the etiology of ASD. Current research on etiology focuses specifically on PDD and ASD as one category, not looking at the differences among individual cases. There is li ttle information on PDD-NOS as a separate condition under PDD or ASD. Examining the literature on the etiology of ASD is useful for understanding PDD-NOS. This body of literature may be important in one day distinguishing PDD-NOS as a separate syndrome in the PDD category. In the second section of this review, I focus on treatment. I consider interventions for the PDD-NOS category because the prognosis for this population can be greatly affected by the presenting symptoms as well as the chosen interventions. While certain interventions have proven useful for children with autism or Asperger’s syndrome, PDD-NOS requires a multi-modal approach that can incorporate strategies used with the autistic population as well as the behavioral interventions used with Asperger’s syndrome. Clinicians working with children diagnosed as PDD-NOS have to be creative, flexible and prepared to use a wide array of interventional tools in order to serve this population. The prognosis section of this paper focuses on information regarding childhood outcomes related to behaviors and speech and briefly discusses adult outcomes. There is a lack of research on the prognosis of children with ASD in to adulthood. Due to the rise in prevalence of ASD andShow MoreRelatedCultural Bound Syndromes1568 Words   |  7 PagesCulture-bound syndrome The term culture-bound syndrome was included in the fourth version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2000) which also includes a list of the most common culture-bound conditions (DSM-IV: Appendix I). Included in DSM-IV-TR (4th.ed) the term cultural-bound syndrome denotes recurrent, locality-specific patterns of abnormal behavior and troubling experience that may or may not be linked to a particular DSM-IV-TRRead MoreThe Mental Health Status Of The Civilian Population3003 Words   |  13 Pageseffects, the likes of PTSD, psychiatric disorders (e.g. depression and anxiety) and low well-being (Khamis, 2015). This study however, focuses primarily on PTSD and several coping mechanisms deployed by children to combat their misery. However, prior to discussing the research conducted by Khamis, it would be beneficial to first define PTSD, in the light of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV-TR), the then current publication of the American Psychological Association, detailing the variousRead MoreEating Disorders in Adolescents1468 Words   |  6 Pageswith other people the same age (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Some eating disorders can be caused by emotional trauma due to bullying of weight or even from lack of self confidence, or peer influence. The psychological effects of bullying can be severe and long-lasting. Verbal bullying, or teasing somebody about their weight may trigger other profound effects such as eating disorders, depression or even suicide (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Eating disorders may start fromRead More Substance-Related Disorders Essay examples795 Words   |  4 PagesSubstance-Induced Sexual Dysfunction, and Substance-Induced Sleep Disorder) (American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., text rev., 2000). When a person is diagnosed with Substance Dependence, they can be given specifiers such as with or without physiological dependence, in a specified state of remission, on agonist therapy, and in a controlled environment (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). If a person does not meet the criteria for Substance DependenceRead MoreObsessive Compulsive Disorder ( Ocd )1717 Words   |  7 Pagesbut for children, obsessive-compulsive disorder seems to appear more in boys than girls (American Psychiatric Association, 2000, p.459). OCD has a lifetime prevalence of 2.5% in adults, and a 1%-2.3% prevalence in children (American Psychiatric Association, 2002). These results were based on community studies and appear to be similar in cultures that exist all over the world (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). According to the Solomon Grant (2014), the World Health Organization classifies obsessive-compulsiveRead MoreDiagnosis Of Antisocial Personality Disorder ( Aspd ) Essay980 Words   |  4 Pagesevidence and reported history. Individuals with Cannabis Dependence may use very potent cannabis throughout the day over a period of months or years, and they may spend several hours a day acquiring and using the substance (American Psychiatric Association, [DSM-IV-TR], 2000). The case study indicated that Peter’s frequency of use was not increasing. There is no indication of increasing use throughout the day. Gray (2011) adds that those who use cannabis are often seen as passive, lack ambitionRead MorePsy 270915 Words   |  4 Pagestemporary impairment but it can be reversed through therapy. Case Study 2: Schizophrenia The display of catatonic behavior in combination with hallucinations and negative effects are clear symptoms of DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia (APA, 2000). A clinician would require information over a minimum of a month to diagnose one with schizophrenia but symptoms previously mentioned would be cause for alarm and should be further investigated. Tony did not sleep well and believed he was workingRead MoreSchizophrenia: Factors and Treatment Essay1433 Words   |  6 Pagessymptoms that can either be both positive and negative (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Sign and symptoms of the disorder can be an indication of social or occupation dysfunction (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). A person that has been previously diagnosed with a pervasive development disorder may be diagnosed as a schizophrenic only if the signs of delusions or hallucination are present (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Symptoms of schizophrenia are noted as lacking a rangeRead MoreDi agnosis Of Antisocial Personality Disorder ( Aspd )1087 Words   |  5 Pagesevidence and reported history. Individuals with Cannabis Dependence may use very potent cannabis throughout the day over a period of months or years, and they may spend several hours a day acquiring and using the substance (American Psychiatric Association, [DSM-IV-TR], 2000). The case study indicated that Peter’s frequency of use was not increasing. There is no indication of increasing use throughout the day. Gray (2011) adds that those who use cannabis are often seen as passive, lack ambitionRead MoreLiterature Review : Social Anxiety Disorder1149 Words   |  5 Pagespsychology researchers. These disorders are related to excess fear and anxiety and associated behavioural problems, where an emotive reaction to an actual or urgent danger is called as fear, while anxiety is thinking about future threat (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Anxiety is one of the major problems among mental is sues since long ago and is common in children as well as adults. 6-20 percent children and adolescents usually face at least one type of anxiety disorder, if they are cautiously